- 1 Minimum: 1 Bulk: Universal MATE-N-LOK Active Receptacle Male or Female 12 -3.
- Not all people can write scripts for batching and also since there is user friendly GUI (free), why would you write additional script. Ogr2ogr either command line or with GUI over Arc converter, as it supports.tab. Also in the past I had some problems with batching.mif in Arc.
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- Mate: Universal Tab Translator 5 1 12
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- Mate: Universal Tab Translator 5 1 11
Use the translator tool below to convert your MOS/AFSC/Ratings code to a civilian occupation. Upon searching, you will be presented with a list of civilian occupation titles that match your military skill set.
The Genetic Code
How do 64 different codons produce 20 different amino acids?
- The start codon is AUG. Methionine is the only amino acid specified by just one codon, AUG.
- The stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA. They encode no amino acid.The ribosome pauses and falls off the mRNA.
- The stretch of codons between AUG and a stop codon is called an open reading frame (ORF). Computer analysis of DNA sequence can predict the existence of genes based on ORFs.
- Other amino acids are specified by more than one codon--usually differing at only the third position.
Evolution of the Code
Did codons evolve to correspond to particular amino acids based on chemistry, or did the code evolve at random?
The code evolved at random, in that there is no direct chemical connection between, say, GGG and Glycine. BUT--the code appears to have evolved along certain lines for logical reasons. The two most 'fundamental' amino acids are Gly and Ala, in biochemical pathways and in natural occurence in prebiotic systems. Both are specified by G/C pairing at the first two positions--the strongest possible interaction. Early life, under high-heat conditions, would have needed extra strong codon-anticodon pairing. The first code may even have been a two-base code. For more evidence and speculation on this topic, see http://www.evolvingcode.net/.
Did codons evolve to correspond to particular amino acids based on chemistry, or did the code evolve at random?
The code evolved at random, in that there is no direct chemical connection between, say, GGG and Glycine. BUT--the code appears to have evolved along certain lines for logical reasons. The two most 'fundamental' amino acids are Gly and Ala, in biochemical pathways and in natural occurence in prebiotic systems. Both are specified by G/C pairing at the first two positions--the strongest possible interaction. Early life, under high-heat conditions, would have needed extra strong codon-anticodon pairing. The first code may even have been a two-base code. For more evidence and speculation on this topic, see http://www.evolvingcode.net/.
Protein translation
Translation involves the conversion of a four base code (ATCG) into twenty different amino acids. A codon or triplet of bases specifies a given amino acid. Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon.
The conversion of codon information into proteins is conducted by transfer RNA. Each transfer RNA (tRNA) has an anticodon which can base pair with a codon. Some anti-codons have modified bases that can pair with more than one codon, specifying the same amino acid; this means that we don't need 61 different tRNA molecules for all 61 codons. (What do the other three codons specify?)
The structure of transfer RNA (tRNA):
Structure of tRNATransfer RNA (tRNA) has the following structure:
- 3'OH end esterifies with COOH of amino acid:
H2N--C--C--OH + HO--tRNA --> H2N--C--C--O--tRNA + H2O
This process, called charging, is catalyzed by a tRNA transferase, or aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, specific to the tRNA type. There are one or more tRNA types, specified by different genes, for EACH amino acid.
- Anticodon loop, capable of complementary base pairing to a codon on the message. May contain the unusual base inosine, which is capable of binding to more than one base. The 'wobble hypothesis,' by Frances Crick in the '60s, first showed how inosine could enable one tRNA to recognize more than one codon. Otherwise, the cell would need more than 60 different tRNAs.
- Ribosome binding and tRNA transferase recognition.
Translation of mRNA into polypeptide
Translation requires initiation, elongation, andtermination. Translation is performed by the ribosome, an organelle composed of more than fifty different proteins plus two structural rRNAs, each part of the 30s subunit or the 70s subunit. The 's' is a unit of sedimentation, referring to how fast a particle settles out during centrifugation.
Note that this entire process requires tRNAs continually being charged with their respective amino acids, by tRNA transferase enzymes.
(1) Initiation occurs by binding of the 30s subunit to the mRNA. In bacteria, the mRNA binds by hybridization of a special sequence to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the 16s rRNA, part of the 30s subunit. The ribosome then finds the first AUG sequence on the mRNA, where it binds the anti-codon of a Met-tRNA, at the P site.
(2) Elongation occurs by successive amidation of the nascent (growing) chain. The 50s subunit now binds, creating the A site. Each new aminoacyl-tRNA enters at the A site, where it transfers the amino end of its amino acid to the carboxylic end of the nascent chain. The entire ribosome now 'translates' over one codon position, so that the nascent chain is now bound to the P site. Elongation requires energy provided by GTP.
(3) Termination occurs when the A site reaches a stop codon. Since no tRNA exists with an anticodon complementary to the stop codon, the ribosome 'pauses' until at last it 'falls off' the mRNA, and the polypeptide chain terminates.This process is facilitated by a release factor protein that binds into the ribosomal A site containing a stop codon to help with protein release.
the Griffiths et al, current edition
Ribosome Model
Ribosome Model
Where does the mRNA come from?
As soon as mRNA starts getting transcribed, ribosomes attach to translate:
- In bacteria, nearly all translation occurs on growing mRNA still being transcribed.
- In eukaryotes, 15% of translation occurs on growing mRNA. The purpose of translating incomplete RNA in the nucleus may be to eliminate errors that result in stop codons terminating the peptide. The remaining 85% of translation occurs after the mRNA is processed (see below) and exits the nucleus, into the cytoplasm.
Where does the growing peptide go?
If the growing peptide is water-soluble, to function in the cytoplasm, it folds itself into its native comformation, with the help of chaperone proteins.
If the growing peptide is hydrophobic, to function in the membrane, its hydrophobic signal peptide attaches to the signal recognition particle (SRP). The SRP is composed of protein and RNA (like the ribosome). SRP carries the hydrophobic peptide, with its ribosome, to the face of a membrane for insertion:
- In bacteria, the signal peptide is inserted in the plasma membrane.
- In eukaryotes, the signal peptide goes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Energy considerations
Problem: DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein translation take lots of energy. Why?
Which processes take more energy than others?
Which processes take more energy than others?
In eukaryotes, production of mRNA is more complicated than in bacteria, because:
- The initial RNA molecule is elongated by one of three different RNA polymerases
- The initial RNA has to be spliced and processed
- The completed mRNA has to exit the nucleus to be translated in the cytoplasm
A complication in eukaryotic transcription is the existence of three different RNA polymerases, which transcribe three different classes of genes. RNA pol II transcribes hnRNA (precursor to mRNA). RNA pol I and III transcribe functional RNAs such as rRNAs and tRNAs.
Splicing of hnRNA to make mRNA
The first transcript of RNA from a eukaryotic gene is not yet ready for transcription. It is called hnRNA, for high-molecular-weight nuclear RNA. In order for the RNA to exit the nucleus, and for proteins to be translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm, the following processing steps must first occur:
The first transcript of RNA from a eukaryotic gene is not yet ready for transcription. It is called hnRNA, for high-molecular-weight nuclear RNA. In order for the RNA to exit the nucleus, and for proteins to be translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm, the following processing steps must first occur:
- Capping of the 5' sequence with 5' methyl-7-guanidine (the 'm-7-G cap')
- Addition of a run of adenine nucleotides to the 3' OH end (the 'poly-A tail')
- Splicing out of the intron sequences
The splicing of introns is a complex intramolecular reaction, mediated by an organelle composed of RNA and protein molecules, the spliceosome.The spliceosome catalyzes the reaction between a 2'OH of an Adenine, and the 5' phosphate end of the intron, creating a lariat loop. (Note: Only RNA has 2'OH to do this!) The lariat reaction produced a 3'OH on one exon, enabling to join the 5' phosphate of the joining exon.
The spliceosome is actually composed of several small nuclear riboprotein (RNA-protein) organelles, called snRNPs. To see how these snRNPs (labeled U1, U2 etc.) splice out the intron, view this animation.
Spliceosome -- Removal of an Intron.Click on each image.
Chuck Wilson's Bio115 class at UCSC
Why would cells have evolved to have introns, which seem wasteful of DNA an energy? Two kinds of reasons have been proposed:
- (1) Organisms first evolved with introns and other pieces of non-coding nucleic acid. As organisms evolved, the bacteria 'lost' the non-coding portions through rapid evolution. Eukaryotes however evolved more slowly and have not yet 'lost' these sequences.
- (2) Non-coding DNA sequence serves functions for the cell. It may provide a structural function, a place for chromosome recombination to occur without jeopardizing the integrity of the coding sequences. It does provide a way for alternate splicing patterns in different tissues to produce slightly different versions of the same gene product. Thus, RNA splicing actually helps multicellular organisms to economize in their genomes.
Joyoshare heic converter 2 0 0 percent. Alternative Splicing
from Adrian R. Krainer, Ph.D.
Alternative splicing of cardiac troponin T (cTNT) gene during development
QTranslate 6.8.0.1
Mate: Universal Tab Translator 5 1 12
21 September 2020 | 1004 Kb | MD5: f7c41ea1ac5096dcc6dd1c55177a31c6 Disk cleaner free your hard drive space 1 2.
Requirements:- Windows XP / Vista / 7 / 8 / 10
- Internet connection
QTranslate 6.8.0.1 portable
21 September 2020 | 1124 Kb | MD5: 72bdab263ff18ac859f9e4923c9719ea
XDXF dictionaries
- Download dictionary and unpack the .xdxf file to the directory you wish
- Open the QTranslate application and then Options window
- In the Options window select Services tab
- Click on the 'Add dictionary..' button and browse to the folder where you unpacked .xdxf file
- Select .xdxf file - the dictionary will be indexed and added to the Dictionaries list
Note! Dictionaries are downloaded from the sourceforge.net site.
Change log
- New: DeepL supports Japanese and Chinese Traditional
- New: Indonesian localization
- New: Text size option is applied to history view
- New: Dictionary zoom is saved (Ctrl+ > zoom in, Ctrl- > zoom out, Ctrl0 > default zoom)
- Fixed: Promt, DeepL, Papago translation services
- Fixed: Youdao doesn't translate long text
- New: Bengali, Tatar languages
- Fixed: Microsoft service
- Fixed: Google Translate website translates better than the application
- Updated: BASS to v2.4.15
- Fixed: Microsoft, youdao, Google search, and Multitran services
- Updated: Removed SDL and Definr services
- New: DeepL supports Portuguese and Russian languages
- Fixed: DeepL translation service
- Fixed: Regular fonts are not available in options
- Fixed: Google translation service
- Fixed: Baidu translation service
- Updated: Most services use https protocol
- New: Naver service API (Naver service was renamed to Papago)
- New: Marathi language
- New: Danish localization
- Improved: Text recognition
- Fixed: Yandex translates only short texts
- Fixed: Microsoft service doesn't work in China (set Preferred Domain option to 'cn')
- Fixed: Options are not saved sometimes after user logoff
- New: 'Enable global hotkeys' tray menu option
- Fixed: Text recognition
- Updated: libcurl to 7.61.0
- Updated: wolfssl to 3.15.3
- Updated: zlib to 1.2.11
- New: History export to JSON format
- New: Kannada and Tamil languages
- New: Portuguese Europian localization
- New: 'Pin when dragging' popup window option
- New: Proxy scheme option
- Fixed: DeepL translation service
- Updated: libcurl to 7.59.0
- New: History export to CSV format
- New: 'Remove line breaks' option (fixes PDF translation)
- Fixed: Microsoft translation service
- Fixed: Popup window is closed immediately on mouse exit
- New: DeepL translation service
- New: Mongolian language
- New: Keyboard window is resizable
- Fixed: Baidu, Promt and youdao translation services
- Fixed: Any QTranslate window activation brings to the top all the visible QTranslate windows
- Fixed: Replace selected text with Microsoft service adds redundand new line
- Fixed: Translate button click cancels instant translation result
- New: Microsoft translation API
- New: High-DPI support in Windows XP / Vista / 7
- New: Khmer, Telugu languages
- New: Hebrew, Vietnamese localizations
- New: Arabic, Bulgarian, and Croatian OCR languages
- New: F11 turns on/off main/dictionary window full-screen mode
- Fixed: Youdao service
- Fixed: Czech OCR language
- Fixed: Urban dictionary
- Fixed: 'Click on system icon switches mouse mode' option doesn't work in 'Enabled for these programs' mode
- Improved: Translation history is auto-saved every 3 minutes
- Updated: RichEdit control from RichEdit20W to RichEdit50W
- New: Farsi localization
- New: 'Enable listening to the same text at a slower speed' option
- Fixed: Google Translate doesn't translate big text
- Fixed: QTranslate crash when listening to text
- New: Naver translation service
- New: OCR API key option for text recognition
- New: Speech input auto-detect language option
- New: Speech input hotkey
- Fixed: Google Translate, Yandex, Promt services 'No data' error when text exceeds the limit
- Fixed: Oxford Learner Dictionary service
- Fixed: 'Cannot play audio stream' when Windows changes the default sound device
- New: Speech recognition
- New: When listening to the same text a second time, services will play the words at a slower speed
- Improved: Yandex and ABBYY Lingvo Live dictionary response
- Improved: Increased text chunk size for better text listening experience
- New: libcurl 7.50.3, wolfssl 3.9.10
- New: 'Auto-hide delay' option for the popup window
- New: Romanian localization
- New: SOCKS4, SOCKS5 server proxy support
- Improved: Translation can be added to favorites in instant mode
- Improved: Urban Dictionary, WordReference
- Fixed: Yandex, SDL services don't work in Windows XP
- Fixed: ABBYY Lingvo Live dictionary
- Fixed: QTranslate doesn't work on CPUs without SSE2 support (old PCs)
- Fixed: The popup window isn't auto hidden when 'Enable auto position' option is set
- Fixed: Click on dictionary navigation icon reloads content in Windows 10
- Fixed: Mouse mode doesn't work in Microsoft Edge browser
- Fixed: Google Translate service doesn't work in China
Mate: Universal Tab Translator 5 1 123
- Fixed: Application rendering issue when 'Enable window style' option is enabled
- Fixed: History navigation menu item text rendering when text contains tab character
- Fixed: 'Text Recognition' menu item is visible on screenshot
- New: OCR Text Recognition
- Fixed: Yandex translation service
- Fixed: Babylon translation and dictionary services
- Fixed: 'Replace selected text' trims text when there is comma in translation
- Updated: BASS to v2.4.12
- New: Automatically check for updates option
- New: Improved translation speed
- New: Tooltips for popup window buttons
- Fixed: Yandex and SDL translation services
- Updated: Bulgarian, Italian and Uyghur localizations
- New: Google domain option for Chinese users
- Fixed: Google Translate service
- Updated: Chinese Simplified, French, Korean, and Turkish localizations
- New: Tajik language
- New: 'Listen to selected text translation' hotkey
- New: 'Listen' menu item in the history window
- Fixed: Yandex and Wikipedia services
- Fixed: Replace functionality doesn't work properly when word has dash
- Fixed: Google and Yandex translation services
- Fixed: Can't select backspace key with modifiers in the hotkey window
- Updated: Ctrl+Shift+Q is default hotkey for the Dictionary window
- Updated: Italian localization
- New: Sinhala language
- New: +13 languages for Yandex service
- Fixed: Google text to speech functionality
- Improved: Baidu translation service (supports 26 languages)
- Updated: Chinese Traditional, French, Greek, Korean, and Polish localizations
- New: Uyghur localization
- Fixed: Google Translate (translation of the last sentence for some languages and romanization)
- Fixed: Promt service translation
- Updated: Bulgarian, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Hungarian, French, Finnish, and Italian localizations
- New: XDXF dictionaries support
- New: History navigation in dictionary window
- New: Google suggestions for dictionary search
- New: Dictionary icon in the popup window
- New: 'Enable mouse mode only when Ctrl is pressed' option
- New: 'Click on system tray icon switches mouse mode' option
- New: Tooltips in the services buttons
- Improved: Application cache
- Fixed: Google Translate and Promt services
- Fixed: Urban Dictionary
- Updated: Bulgarian, Chinese Simplified, French, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Polish, and Turkish localizations
- New: Kazakh, Uzbek languages
- New: Oxford Learner Dictionary
- New: Translate clipboard in main/popup/dictionary windows hot keys
- New: Added 'Translate' and 'Listen' menu items to the edit menu
- New: 'Enable auto position' popup window option
- New: Always detect language option (auto > language1 > language2)
- New: Popup window frame thickness option
- Fixed: History navigation issue
- Fixed: Show main window hotkey doesn't work when desktop is active
- Fixed: Default browser list is empty
- Updated: BASS to v2.4.11
- New: Dictionary result uses current theme
- New: Main window hotkeys Ctrl+Alt+1.9 for opening dictionary with selected 1.9th service
- New: Main window hotkey Ctrl+Up to copy translation to the text input box
- New: Mouse mode 'Show translation and read'
- New: Clear history on exit option
- New: Lao language
- New: Languages hot keys work in popup window
- New: 'Activate when opened' popup window option
- Fixed: SDL, ImTranslator services
- Fixed: Redraw-bug in the bottom area of popup window when using just one service
- Updated: Google translate and search services use https protocol
- New: Esperanto, Hmong and Latin languages
- New: Baidu translation service
- New: Change keyboard layout and selected text hot key
- New: Holo Light and Holo Dark themes
- Fixed: Urban Dictonary service
- Updated: Supported languages
- New: Slovenian localization
- Updated: Bulgarian, Japanese, and Polish localizations
- Fixed: Doesn't work in Chrome 34.0.1847.116
- Fixed: Yandex translation new line issue
- Fixed: Urban Dictonary service
- Fixed: Application hangs when translation history is full
- Fixed: The color of the copied text depends on the current theme
- Fixed: Checking for updates uses HTTPS protocol
- Fixed: When QTranslate is running on one account and you switch to another, QTranslate will not start
Mate: Universal Tab Translator 5 1 100
- New: Favorites support
- New: Services buttons in the dictionary window
- New: Translate clipboard content hot key
- New: Middle mouse click on service button opens service in browser
- New: youdao dictionary service
- New: Back/Forward history navigation using mouse xbuttons
- Improved: Bing Translator audio quality
- Updated: Supported languages
- Fixed: SDL translation service, Wikipedia and Urban Dictionary services
- Fixed: Main window doesn't restore maximized state after program restart if is closed to tray
- Fixed: Main window is not on taskbar after program restart if is closed to tray on Windows XP
- Fixed: Doesn't work in EVE Online
- Fixed: Escape doesn't close popup window if edit control has focus
- Fixed: Once focused, the popup window is always showed focused
Mate: Universal Tab Translator 5 1 11
- New: Added support for custom themes
- New: Ability to change the default browser
- Fixed: Yandex translation service
- Fixed: TAB key clears current translation when auto-cleanup mode is enabled
- Updated: bass 2.4.10